TOEFL–grammar structure
Test of English as a Foreign Language disingkat
TOEFL adalah ujian kemampuanberbahasa Inggris (logat Amerika) yang diperlukan
untuk mendaftar masuk ke kolese (college) atau universitas di Amerika Serikat
atau negara-negara lain di dunia. Ujian ini sangat diperlukan bagi pendaftar
atau pembicara yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa Inggris. Ujian TOEFL ini
diselenggarakan oleh kantor ETS (Educational Testing Service) di Amerika
Serikat untuk semuapeserta tes di seluruh dunia.
Jenis
tes bahasa Inggris TOEFL ini pada umumnya diperlukan untuk persyaratan masuk
kuliah pada hampir semua universitas di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada baik untuk
program undergraduate (S-1) maupun graduate (S-2 atau S-3). Hasil tes TOEFL ini
juga dipakai sebagai bahan pertimbangan mengenai kemampuan bahasa Inggris dari
calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar ke universitas di negara lain, termasuk
universitas di Eropa dan Australia. Secara umum, tes TOEFL lebih berorientasi
kepada American English, dan sedikit berbeda dengan jenis tes IELTS yang
berorientasi kepada British English. Tidak seperti tes IELTS, tes TOEFL ini
pada umumnya tidak mempunyai bagian individual interview test.
Biasanya tes ini memakan waktu sekitar tiga jam dan diselenggarakan dalam 4
bagian, yaitu bagian:
• listening comprehension,
• grammar structure and written expression,
• reading comprehension, dan bagian
• writing.
Ada beberapa hal yang dapat Anda lakukan
untuk mempersiapkan Struktur TOEFL.
1. Memahami Struktur Kalimat Dasar.
2. Memahami Konjungsi dan Kata Menghubungkan, Koordinator, dan Subordinators.
3. Memahami Subyek-Verb Agreement dan Voice Pasif.
4. Memahami Mengurangi Klausul Relatif dan Mengurangi Klausul adverbial.
5. Memahami Frase partisip dan Frase Pengantar.
6. Memahami Parellelism dan inversi.
7. Memahami Klausul Noun dan Pertanyaan Embedded.
8. Memahami Laporan sisipan, gerund, dan infinitif.
9. Memahami pasif statif dan preposisi.
Contoh test
structure grammer pada TOEFL:
From the marked areas A, B, C and D, identify the one that is wrong, correct
it.
1. (A) Their most favorite hotel is the Hotel Regent. (B) It is near the beach
and (C) is a very cozy hotel. It is (D) not too expensive, too.
2. I like (A) these kind (B) of hotels too. I don’t (C) go for the big, noisy
and (D) expensive sort.
3. The Amelia Hotel (A) is good as the Radan Hotel, (B) in fact. Actually, I
(C) would rather go to the Amelia. (D) It’s closer to the town.
4. (A) He prefers the (B) Radan Hotel because (C) he feels the service (D) is
more better.
5. The Weather Bureau (A) is announced that the rain (B) will continue for (C)
another 36 hours. People (D) are advised to stay indoors.
6. Visibility (A) on the roads (B) are very poor. Thus, drivers are advised (C)
to be careful, especially when (D) driving at night.
7. She was (A) kind enough (B) to give me (C) a lot of advices (D) about how to
pass the driving test.
8. (A) I told him, “(B) I have not (C) been told (D) these news”
9. (A) The man was hung as punishment (B) for murdering (C) his five children
(D) and his wife.
10. (A) I made him (B) to confess that (C) he copied your answer (D) during the
test.
Answers 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B
Error
identification – Extra practice exercises. Decide which part of the sentence is
grammatically incorrect. Then look at the answers below.
I enjoyed study geography at school and now I’ve
enrolled at the Economics Faculty.
I used to be keen of all scientific subjects but now I would prefer to study
art.
I want meet your sister when she comes to see you – she sounds very nice.
My friends tell the English exam is quite difficult but I’m not worried.
The tickets, which are extremely good value, can be buy from large
supermarkets.
The number of people which asked for the discount was low but grew during the
summer period.
He wanted always to be a doctor and after doing medicine he now works in a
hospital.
The informations they gave us was not very helpful so I consulted the website
instead.
There isn’t many time, do you think we should get a taxi to the exhibition
centre?
He graduated in languages in June and is now thinking of do a second degree in
psychology.
The policeman showed us an identikit picture of the man who steal the car.
How long does it take to get the station on foot from your house
I was so angry that I took the watch broken to the jewellers to get my money
back.
He rang me this morning for tell me that he had passed his driving test.
I won’t be able to go on holiday this year unless I will get a part-time job.
It was so nice day that they decided to have a picnic in the field.
I haven’t never seen anybody who rides a horse so well before.
My boyfriend always takes me to see horror films, but I don’t like very much.
We went to Guatemala last year so we were tired of the usual beach holiday.
I’ve gone to Marbella. I remember it well. A busy town with a nice modern
promenade and picturesque ‘piazze’.
ANSWERS WITH
EXPLANATIONS
I enjoyed studying (‘enjoy’ + ing)
keen on (keen + on = essere appassionato di)
want to (‘want’+ to + verb)
tell me (‘tell’ + person (me/you/him/her etc); nb. ‘say’non è seguito dalla
persona)
can be bought (to be + past participle = passive)
who (relative pronoun ‘who’ = people)
always wanted (frequency adverb goes before the main verb)
the informations (information = uncountable noun)
much time (‘much’ with uncountable nouns, ‘many’ with countable nouns)
doing (‘ing’after a preposition)
stole (past tense of steal = steal stole stolen)
get to (preposition necessary; get to /go to /come to the station, BUT. arrive
at/ reach the station)
broken watch (adjective before noun)
to tell me (to+base form = per/a scopo di)
unless I will get (1° conditional = if/unless/when + present)
such a (such a + noun; so + adjective)
I haven’t never (double negative)
l don’t like them (‘like’ + direct object)
as (as = siccome; so = quindi)
I’ve been to Madrid (use ‘been’ not ‘gone’ se sei stato e tornato)
TOEFL AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURE
TOEFL test materials consisted of four sessions, which typically must be
completed in a total time of 3 hours. Each session has its own time limit, so
it takes the ability to solve the "true and fast". Each session
include:
1. listening
Comprehension
This section consists of 50 questions, you are required to
answer the question that is played (this matter is not recorded in the books
about). In this case the matter related to the three types of conversations:
Conversations short, long conversations, and a long story.
·
Part A : Short Dialogue
In this section, there will be a
short conversation between two people. After the conversation, the question
relating to the conversation will be provided. Both the conversation and the
question will not be repeated. Short Dialogue consists of several skill /
ability, namely:
Skill 1: RESTATEMENT (Pernyataan
Kembali)
Skill 2: NEGATIVES (Pernyataan Negatif)
Skill 3: SUGGESTIONS (Saran)
Skill 4: PASSIVE
Skill 5: WHO and WHERE (Apa dan Dimana)
Skill 6: AGREEMENT (Persetujuan)
·
Part B :
Long Conversation
In this section, there will be the
topic of casual conversation between a student with a duration of about 60-90
seconds. After a long conversation finishes will be followed by a number of
multiple choice questions which all refer to the length of the conversation.
·
Part C : Talks
In this section, there will be some
talks with a duration of about 60-90 seconds of the life of the school or
college, each followed by multiple choice questions.
2. Grammar
Structure and Written Expression
Type of question is a structure with multiple-choice
questions which required knowledge of grammar or correct grammar.
3.
Reading Comprehension
You will face questions about the
form of the story, where there will be questions related to the story. The
story can be used for one or more questions. Berbada with Listening
Comprehension, Reading Comprehension questions at the session for questions and
a book should be read carefully.
4. Writing
You will be given a theme, and the theme is developed into writing in the
English language. There are usually a limited number of characters minimum that
should be on your writing.
TOEFL GRAMMAR STUCTURE
A.
Basic Sentences Stucture
In general, there was no significant difference between the
structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon
four main components, namely.
Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement
(C) + Modifier (M)
Example :
We studied grammar last week
We + studied + grammar + last week
S + V + C + M
1. SUBJECT
·
is the agent of sentence in the
active voice
·
is thing/person that performs or
responsible for the action of a sentence
·
normally precedes the verb
example :
·
I explain
how to study English
·
She listens
to my explanation
·
They didn’t
understand that language
The
subject can be seen from the question who or what is doing the action of a
sentence.
2. VERB
Verb is the action of a sentence.
Verb phrase: auxilaries combination with the main verb.
Example :
·
I am
learning English (am
= auxilary, learning =
main verb)
·
My
brother is very clever
·
She has
gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)
·
I have
been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)
3. COMPLEMENT
·
Usually a noun or noun phrase
·
usually found after the verb in the
active sentence
·
complement to answer the question
what or whom
example :
·
Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
o What did Sarijon buy
yesterday? –> a cake.
·
He saw Tony at the
movie
o Whom did he see at the movie?
–> Tony
·
I explain pharmacology to
my students
o What do I explain to my students?
–> pharmacology
4. MODIFIER
·
Modifier describes the time, place,
or manner of an action or actions
·
The most common form of the modifier
is a propositional phrase (group of words that begins with a preposition and
ends with a noun.
Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...
·
Modifier answer the questions when, where, or
how
Example :
·
John bought a book at a book
fair
o Where did John buy a book?
–> at a book fair
·
She is driving very fast
o How is she driving? –> very
fast
·
I posted my application yesterday
o When do I post my application?
–> yesterday
example problems :
1. The Eiffel Tower is a landmark
in Paris, France
2. Young deer is fawns
3. A dream about falling is scary
4. Those flowers are
beautiful
5. I launched this blog on july 14th 2009
B. Parallel
Structure
Parallelism means that the words
used in a series or group that should have the same form as grammar. When we
use words or phrases that are connected by a chain, then it must be the same
shape as grammar. Consider the following example:
·
Terry likes swimming and to dive.
(False - not parallel)
·
Terry likes swimming and diving. (True -
parallel)
·
Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True - parallel)
·
I'm taking history, math, and chemical. (False
- Chemical not a noun)
· I'm taking history, math, and chemistry
Example problem :
Identify and correct the mistakes in
parallel structure in the following sentences
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden
and washed the clothes.
2. James decided to get up early,
practice some yoga and eat healthy foods.
3. Although I trained hard, practiced
every day and listened to my trainer, I never won a
tournament.
4. I wish he would listen to me, take
my advice and stop smoking.
5. He is an articulate, intelligent and
thoughtful speaker.
C. Comparative
Adjectives
When talking about the two objects,
we can compare and see the differences as well similarities between the two
objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the difference on the
other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use
comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative adjectives to
compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to create a
comparative adjectives:
1. Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)
2. Adding more prefix (long adjectives)
Addition of a suffix rule for short
adjectives:
·
Generally only added adjective-er, for
example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
·
If the ending-e, just add r, for
example: later, nicer, etc.
·
If the ending in a
consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus-er, for example:
bigger, hotter, etc.
·
If the ending-y, then y changed to i
then added er, for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.
For
long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example:
expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on. Some
adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) -
better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives
with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever -
cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler /
more simple. Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different
objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself,
and the object is not to say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a
more powerful computer.
Adjectives with two syllables
If
the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective.
example:
·
This book is more expensive than that
book.
·
This picture is more beautiful.
However, there are many exceptions
to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1
syllable. example:
·
This is Easier – True
·
This is more easy - not really
·
This is Simpler – True
·
This is more simple - not true
And
some adjectives can use both comparative form. example:
·
Clever - cleverer - more clever:
These are all correct
·
Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These
are all correct.
No exceptions can be learned through
the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.
Example
problems :
- The Nile river is longer
than the Amazon.
- I’m taller than
Yuri but shorter than Miko.
- They’re more handsome
than us, but we’re smarter than them.
- This book bag is more
expensive than that bag.
- This newspaper is better
than that newspaper.
D. Conditional
Clauses
Conditional (sentence
presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The
most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes
called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type
I) which describes mengandai-if in accordance with the facts.
Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which
describes the supposition that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd
Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that
happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is
definitely true.
Note: If the clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we
must use the "coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is
behind, then there should be no comma
Conditional or modality has 3 forms:
1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type
1) This assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if
the terms / certain conditions are met.
Type 1 Conditional formula:
+
Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple
form)
example: If have money I will buy a new car
Simple If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present
example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to
school.
If + Subject + ... + command simple present form
example: If you go to the post office, please mail this
letter for me!
2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
This assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.
+
If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple
Form)
example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(I do not have time so I could not go)
He would tell you about it if he were here
(He
would say if he were here, that because she's not here, he did not say Because
he is not here he does not tell you about it.)
*
For the if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all
subjects.
if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:
Were
+ subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1
example: Were I John I would not forgive you.
(if
only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I forgive you
/ I'm not John so I forgive you).
He
could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he
can not hug me, Because, he is not here.
3.
Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)
This
assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Type 3 Conditional formula:
+ If + Subject + Past Perfect ...
subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3
Example
:
1.
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(if only we knew you were there, we
had sent a letter to you;
which means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there
/ I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.
2.
He would tell you about it if he were here.
3.
If he did not speak so quickly intervening, you could understand him.
Form inversion (without the
"IF") for this pattern:
Had + subject + V3 ... subject + modals (would, could,
might) + have V3
inverse sentence above when written
into:
Had we known that you were
there, we would have written you a letter.
without changing the meaning or
significance.
Example Problems :
1. If it was not so
cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside
2. If she would have
remembered to advance her clock
one hour, she wouldn’t have been late
for work
3.
If I were rich, I would go to Canada to learn English.
4. You should pass this easy
exam easily if you have studied hard
E. Noun Clauses
Noun clause is a clause (ie subject
and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a
subject and an object sentences.
Noun clause can be preceded by:
· Question word or relative pronoun question
either single word or phrase:
Single question word (ie when, how,
what, ect.).
o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
o Question word + infinitive.
· CONJUNCTION (i.e. Whether and if).
· That or the fact that.
So the pattern of the noun clause is:
Question word/conjunction/that +
subject + verb + ..…
A.
Noun clauses beginning with Question words
In
How to Address Questions already discussed about the use of question words
either in making information questions and in making embedded questions.
Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional
examples to refresh your memory.
Refresh
your memory.
1. Single
question words.
example:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and
I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by
Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note: in this sentence, noun clause what you did last
summer became the object of I know and I still know, and once combined with:
are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound subject of
the sentence.
Noun
clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an
object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object
sentence into a sentence, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slight
modification of the word. The above example becomes:
1. It is still unknown where she is
now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by
Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what
you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last
summer does not need to be rotated position.
NOTE
:
a. Clause question preceded by certain
words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also function as an adverbial clause.
example:
1. I was reading a book when the phone
rang.
2. I went to where I and my
ex-girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see
his face. (nausea = nausea / vomiting willing).
b. Clause is preceded by the words
specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun) can also function as an
adjective clause. In this case, the question is actually a relative pronoun.
Well, do not be too confused by the term. Important that you understand the
pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious, please read the
adjective clauses topic.
example:
1. I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was
looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi were looking for earlier).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was
looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, Whose book was stolen last
week, just bought another new book yesterday.
So,
how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The
answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the
adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what
and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how
(including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form
of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that,
ect.) In Indonesian means "the".
2. Question words + ever / soever
Except
how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever =
whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the
same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him.
Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word
meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.
Example
:
1. We will accept whatever you want us
to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a
very lucky guy. (melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while
gay (read gei) = fag = fag.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man
would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in
speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at
the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question nouns + words
Question words +
nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day (what day), what time (time), what kind
(what kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book,
ect.), and so on.
Example:
1. I can not remember what day we will
take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she does
not care what type of family I come from. (faithful = loyal).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I do not know Whose car is parked in
front of my house.
4. Question adjectives + words
+
Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long /
long), how far (how much), how old (how old / Age), ect.
Example
:
1. Man! She still looks young. Do you
know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far
it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how
long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.
Determiners
+ Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many).
Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by
uncountable nouns.
Example
:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he
or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much will improve your English skills is
determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs
+
Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many
times (how many times) ect.
Example
:
1. Often no matter how I practice, my
English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad).
Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.
2. I do not want my parents to know how many
times I have left school early. (leave school early = absent).
7. Question words + infinitives
If
the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies
shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.
Example
:
1. She did not know what to do = She did not know
what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).
2. Please tell me how to get the train
station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We have not Decided when to go to
the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Mary told us where to find her =
Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses beginning with
Whether / if
Whether
can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the
same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the
sentence).
Example:
1. Whether I am not sure she is coming
or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she
is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).
2. We can not decide Whether we should
go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note,
infinitives can also be used after Whether.
3. Whether I am not sure I should take
economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should
take some Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).
4. If you take economics, I will take
economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too
C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that
Here, that means that, while the
fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in adjective clauses mean that.
example:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20
surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD
degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is
round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very
sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain
soon.
Example Problem:
1.
The teacher heard who answered the
question.
analysis:
·
The first sentence "The teacher
heard" is true because the subject teacher and heard verbnya. The second
sentence "Who answered the phoned" is also true because who serves as
a subject and answered as verbnya. Who at the same time also serves as
connetor.
·
So the above sentence is correct.
2. I do not understand it went wrong.
Analysis:
·
The first sentence "I do not
understand" is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb.
The second sentence "it went wrong" is wrong because there is no
connector at once subject.
·
correct sentence should be: I do not
understand what went wrong.What subject and also serves as a connector, while
his went as a verb.
3. Of the three movies, I can not
decide is the best roomates.
Analysis:
·
In the first sentence, I can not decide as
Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as well as the subject
and the connector is a verb.
4.
She did not remember who in her
class.
Analysis:
·
In the first sentence, as She did not remember
the subject and the verb. Dikalimat second, who as a connector and also subject
but no verb.
·
correct sentence should ................. who
was in her class.
5. No one is sure what did it happen in
front of the building.
Analysis:
·
The first sentence is correct
because No one is subject and is is a verb, but the second sentence is wrong
because there was and it did. Did and it seharusnay in delete and verb
"happen" became form of yesteryear "happened".
·
So the correct sentence should be: .......
what happened in front of the building.
Grammar
Structure of TOEFL
Pada halaman blog ini saya akan membahas tentang Struktur Grammar
dari TOEFL.
Sebenarnya banyak sekali struktur dari Grammar yang
perlu kita pelajari, namun saya akan membahas hanya 5 struktur.
Mari perhatikan struktur – struktur berikut ini :
1. Passive Voice
Kalimat pasif jelas berbeda dengan kalimat aktif.
Kegunaannya pun berbeda dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam kalimat aktif, subjek lah
yang melakukan pekerjaan, sedangkan dalam kalimat pasif, objek lah yang
melakukan pekerjaan.
Perubahan kalimat dari aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dapat
dilihat sebagai berikut :
Aktif : Hendry often helps my mother.
Pasif : My mother is often helped by Hendry.
Aktif : I sent this letter three days ago.
Pasif : This letter was sent by me three days ago.
Kalimat pasif digunakan jika kita ingin memfokuskan
kejadiannya, bukan siapa ataupun apa yang melakukannya.
Contoh
:
The city was destroyed during the World War II.
(Kota itu hancur selama Perang Dunia II.)
Kalimat pasif juga digunakan jika kita ingin menghindari
suatu objek yang semu seperti somebody/someone.
Contoh :
The letter has to be sent today.
(Suratnya harus dikirim hari ini.)
Dalam passive voice kita juga dapat menggunakan “by”
jika kita ingin mengatakan siapa atau apa yang melakukan suatu kejadian.
Contoh :
The fence was broken last week. à tidak diketahui siapa/apa pelakunya.
The fence was broken by the storm last week. à menjadi diketahui.
2. Adjective
Adjective merupakan kata sifat yang digunakan
untuk menerangkan kata benda. Adjective dapat digunakan di depan benda countable
ataupun uncountable.
Contoh :
expensive bag à tas mahal
new Friend à teman baru
Berikut adalah jenis-jenis adjective :
- Qualitative
adj : menerangkan bentuk/kejadian suatu benda.
(big, small, tall, etc.)
-
Distributive
adj : bersifat distributive
(every, either, each, etc.)
-
Possessive
adj : menunjukan kepunyaan.
(his, her, my, etc.)
-
Demonstrative adj : untuk menunjuk
suatu benda.
(that, this, those, etc.)
-
Interrogative adj :
untuk menanyakan suatu benda.
(which, what, whose)
-
Quantitative adj :
menerangkan jumlah benda.
(many, some, much, etc.)
-
Colour
adj :
menerangkan warna benda.
(red, green, yellow, etc.)
Ada juga jenis adjective yang
berikutnya, yaitu compound adjective.
Compound Adjective yaitu kata bilangan yang dapat
digabungkan dengan kata benda dalam bentuk singular.
Contoh :
a.
Age (usia)
A fifty years old woman. à salah
A fifty year old
woman. à benar
b. Volume (isi)
He has just bought a ten litres car. à salah
He has just bought a ten litre car. à benar
c.
Length (panjang)
Fifteen metre house. (not metres)
d. Price (harga)
Sixty dollar camera. (not dollars)
e.
Weight (bobot)
Ten kilo package. (not kilos)
f.
Are (bidang)
Twenty acre farm. (not acres)
g. Time (waktu)
Two hour meeting. (not hours)
3. Comparison Degree
Adalah tingkat-tingkat perbandingan
yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis berikut :
1. Positive degree
Menunjukan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya,
tingkatan, derajat, antara suatu benda dengan benda lainnya.
Contoh :
The girl
is as old as my mother.
I am as tall
as my sister.
2. Comparative degree
Digunakan jika kita ingin menunjukan
secara jelas bahwa terdapat ketidaksamaan perbandingan antara benda yang satu
dengan benda lainnya.
Contoh :
I’m
shorter than my brother.
My bag is more expensive than her.
Aturan dalam comparative degree ini
adalah jika kata sifat kurang atau sama 2 suku kata, maka untuk perbandingannya
kita menambahkan “er” pada kata sifat tersebut. Tetapi jika kata sifat yang
kita gunakan untuk membandingkan adalah lebih dari 2 suku kata, maka kita
tambahkan “more” di depan kata sifat tersebut.
3. Superlative degree
Digunakan untuk membandingkan
seseorang atau beda yang melebihi orang-orang atau benda-benda lainnya.
(paling)
Contoh :
Dave is the tallest in the class.
Ellie is the most diligent student.
Aturan dalam superlative degree ini
mirip seperti comparative degree. Jika kata yang kita gunakan untuk
membandingkan kurang atau sama dengan 2 suku kata, maka kita tambahkan “est”
pada kata tersebut. Sedangkan jika lebih dari 2 suku kata maka kita tambahkan
“most” di depan kata tersebut.
4. Adjective Clause
Merupakan anak kalimat yang
berfungsi sebagai modifier atau menggantikan kedudukan dari adjective
dalam kalimat majemuk.
Contoh :
1. The boy who studies in
Gunadarma University is Doni.
2. The man whom you met
yesterday is my father.
3. The girl whose dress is white
is my sister.
Who, whom, whose, kemudian ada juga which,
dan that merupakan relative clauses yang fungsinya adalah
melengkapi adjective clause.
Masing-masing relative clauses
digunakan sebagai berikut :
Who
: digunakan berhubungan dengan
subjek (orang)
Whom
: digunakan berhubungan dengan objek (orang)
Which
: digunakan berhubungan dengan
subjek atau objek (benda)
That
: digunakan berhubungan dengan
subjek atau objek (benda/orang)
Whose
: digunakan berhubungan dengan kata
ganti milik.
5. The Zero Article
Merupakan kata sandang yang
kadang-kadang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris.
Kata sandang tidak digunakan di
depan kata benda plural jika yang dimaksud adalah sesuatu yang bersifat
umum.
Contoh :
a. People
: Doctors are paid better than teacher.
b. Animals :
Cats don’t like cold weather.
c.
Food
: Carrots are good for eyes.
d. Places
: Museums are closed on Monday.
Kata sandang tidak digunakan di
depan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.
Contoh :
a. Food
: Butter is made from milk.
b. Colours :
White is my favorite colour.
c.
Languages : English is spoken all
over the world.
“THE” tidak digunakan di
depan nama benua, negara, kota, degara bagian dan provinsi.
Contoh :
a. Sweden is in Europe.
b. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.
“THE” juga tidak digunakan di
depan mata pelajaran.
a. My brother is taking economics.
b. Mathematics is a difficult subject
for me.
“THE” tidak digunakan di
depan nama bahasa.
a. I study English on Monday.
“THE” tidak digunakan di
depan nama permainan.
a. Jack plays basketball.
b. Poker is a card game.
“THE” tidak digunakan di
depan nama makanan.
a. Your breakfast is already serve.
b. Let’s have lunch together.
SUMBER :
